Method of Making Section Preparations
Section method is a method of making preparations by means of fixation (depending on material) plant took longer effective ± 3 days. Section method is a method by means of thin meniris on preparations to be made. In principle there are three kinds of slices by cutting areas, namely:a. Transverse slices (cross sections, usually abbreviated to cs or xs) is sliced with a direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis of the object.b. Sliced lengthwise (longitudinal section, usually abbreviated to ls) adalh slices parallel to the horizontal axis of the object.1. Radial longitudinal slices: if preparations were sliced perpendicular to the axis of the organ.2. Tangential longitudinal slices: if the direction of the cut does not pass through the axis of the organ but only parallel to the axis of the organ. Actually understanding is parallel to the outer surface of a plant.3. For the trunk of the plant such as a square-shaped cross section so that the cat's whiskers sliced lengthwise cross-section through the axis is called the diagonal longitude.4. For materials such as castor beans that have a symmetric field, then the cross-sectional longitudinal cross-sectional slice through the axis is called the median longitude.c. Middle slices (median section, usually abbreviated med.atau m.) is sliced parallel to or perpendicular to the center of an object.Making slice preparation (section preparation) is aimed at objects both large and thick vegetation and animals, so that tissue and the cells can be seen under the microscope, it should be thinned with a road cut into small sections and thin. Some materials such as small twigs, the tip of the stem that is still easy, can be cut or sliced into pieces thin enough to use a razor or razor blade. These materials are not as strong as leaves, roots and tissues of animals in order to cut thin should be supported with a cork, paraffin or other materials.To obtain a sufficiently thin slices in accordance with the desired, use a slicer that can cut tissue micron in size. To be sliced with a microtome then the object or the network must first be infiltrated and blocked with paraffin.Microtome is a machine for slicing of biological specimens into very thin sections for microscopic examination. Some microtome using a steel knife incision and used to prepare animal or plant tissue in histology. Some use of microtome:Some use of microtome:a. For light microscopy, the material first fixed and frozen or embedded in paraffin. Sections as thick as 30-20 mm are usually cut with a steel blade.b. For electron microscopy, fixation followed by embedding in resin as Araldine (R), sections cut with glass knives or diamond knives ultramikrotom thick as 200-100 nm.One type of microtome microtome hand, a hand microtome microtome with the simplest form. These devices are commonly used in school laboratories to make a very thin slice specimens (approximately 20), that can be viewed under a microscope. For example incision leaves, stems, roots, etc.
Thursday, August 11, 2011
Method of Making squash Preparations
Method of Making squash Preparations
Squash method is a method of making preparations with the cover glass is pressed on. Example: onion root tip mitosis. The process of making preparations with the method of squash at the root of the onion
a. Preparation phase
1. Perform root growth of onion in a plastic cup containing water for 1 week, by piercing the center of the onion horizontally so that only the roots are touching the water.
2. Cut the roots at the lower end of the evening at 00:00 to 00:15, because at the time that the cells in onion root meristems are actively dividing.
3. Cutting the root length of 1 cm from the tip.
4. Soaking the roots in a bottle filled with a solution ampoule FAA.
5. Close the bottle tightly with plastic ampoules and tied securely.
b. Implementation phase
1. Taking a piece of onion root tip of ampoule bottles by using tweezers.
2. Moving into a watch glass.
3. Adding 70% alcohol and let it soak for 2 minutes.
4. Alcohol 70% smoked paper with suction.
5. Adding 1N HCL solution and soak for 5 minutes.
6. Cut off the tip (the root cap) and placed on glass objects.
7. Drops with a solution of the dye solution acetocarmin seebagai.
8. Chopping with a rusty razor blade and closed with a cover glass.
9. Skipping over the light spirits.
10. Crushing / pressing with your thumb or the tip of a blunt pencil.
11. Observing the preparations under the microscope.
Squash method is a method of making preparations with the cover glass is pressed on. Example: onion root tip mitosis. The process of making preparations with the method of squash at the root of the onion
a. Preparation phase
1. Perform root growth of onion in a plastic cup containing water for 1 week, by piercing the center of the onion horizontally so that only the roots are touching the water.
2. Cut the roots at the lower end of the evening at 00:00 to 00:15, because at the time that the cells in onion root meristems are actively dividing.
3. Cutting the root length of 1 cm from the tip.
4. Soaking the roots in a bottle filled with a solution ampoule FAA.
5. Close the bottle tightly with plastic ampoules and tied securely.
b. Implementation phase
1. Taking a piece of onion root tip of ampoule bottles by using tweezers.
2. Moving into a watch glass.
3. Adding 70% alcohol and let it soak for 2 minutes.
4. Alcohol 70% smoked paper with suction.
5. Adding 1N HCL solution and soak for 5 minutes.
6. Cut off the tip (the root cap) and placed on glass objects.
7. Drops with a solution of the dye solution acetocarmin seebagai.
8. Chopping with a rusty razor blade and closed with a cover glass.
9. Skipping over the light spirits.
10. Crushing / pressing with your thumb or the tip of a blunt pencil.
11. Observing the preparations under the microscope.
Method of Making Marserasi Methods Preparations
Method of Making Marserasi Methods Preparations
Marserasi method is a method of making preparations to separate the fibers from hardwood trees. Making preparations maceration aims to see a picture of the forms of plant cells. The way is by separating the cells making up antarselnya. If you've determined what materials are used in the maceration process is then the material should be boiled with water first until soft and then boiled again with 10% KOH which are compounds useful as maseran pectin which separates the cells.
Stalks of plants are always used in the maceration process it because the stems of plants is more varied in cell shape but it is also more easily made when compared with animal cells. Trunk of the plant also has a distinctive shape in the image of its constituent networks. So, this maceration method is more suitable when used in cell or plant tissue when compared with cells or tissues in animals.
Marserasi method is a method of making preparations to separate the fibers from hardwood trees. Making preparations maceration aims to see a picture of the forms of plant cells. The way is by separating the cells making up antarselnya. If you've determined what materials are used in the maceration process is then the material should be boiled with water first until soft and then boiled again with 10% KOH which are compounds useful as maseran pectin which separates the cells.
Stalks of plants are always used in the maceration process it because the stems of plants is more varied in cell shape but it is also more easily made when compared with animal cells. Trunk of the plant also has a distinctive shape in the image of its constituent networks. So, this maceration method is more suitable when used in cell or plant tissue when compared with cells or tissues in animals.
Method of Making Smear Preparations
Method of Making Smear Preparations
Topical method (smear method) is a way to make preparations by greasing or create a thin membrane of material in the form of liquid or not liquid on glass objects. This method can be used for the manufacture of preparations of blood, pus red bone marrow, oral mucosa, and vaginal mucosa (for knowing a pregnant animal or not), plants sekulen. Here is one example of a method of making preparations commentator smear of blood.Materials used: human blood, 70% ethanol, methanol, gemsa solution of 3% in methanol, cold distilled water previously boiled, entellan. The tools used are glass objects and glass cover, pipettes, needles Franke, tissue, like coloring. Manufacturing process is done by:a. Prepare a clean glass objects in accordance with the desired amount.b. Take the blood from the fingertip to - 3, 4, or 5 with piercing using needles previously Franke either fingertip or a needle was swabbed first with 70% ethanol.c. Discard the first drop of blood out of his fingertips, and use of blood drops the second, third and so on.d. The blood drops on a glass object, then quickly and carefully dab the blood by means of other glass objects. A good basting angle is 45o and when basting quickly in order to obtain a thin smear.e. Let the results of the blood smear to dry in the air, then fiksasilah with methanol for 5 minutes, by immersing the glass objects that have had blood smeared into the container (staining jar) which already contain methanol.f. Let dry preparations in the air once again, by putting a glass object in a standing position like a tilt in staining. After drying on the back sleeping position with the surface containing the spread on the top surface.g. Tetesi entire surface of topical preparations with 3% Giemsa dye solution and let stand for 30-40 minutes or longer.h. Wash with cold distilled wateri. Let dry again topical preparations in the air.j. Tetesi earlier with entellan topical preparations, especially on the smear of blood that is estimated to cells was evident, and immediately after hatching entellan, cover the last with a glass cover.k. Check if at the time of closure there were air bubbles, if there is then remove the bubbles were first by pressing the cover glass with a needle.l. Allow to dry, and so the average can be weighted down with ballast, and the label on the glass object is empty.3. Methods MarserasiMarserasi method is a method of making preparations to separate the fibers from hardwood trees. Making preparations maceration aims to see a picture of the forms of plant cells. The way is by separating the cells making up antarselnya. If you've determined what materials are used in the maceration process is then the material should be boiled with water first until soft and then boiled again with 10% KOH which are compounds useful as maseran pectin which separates the cells.Stalks of plants are always used in the maceration process it because the stems of plants is more varied in cell shape but it is also more easily made when compared with animal cells. Trunk of the plant also has a distinctive shape in the image of its constituent networks. So, this maceration method is more suitable when used in cell or plant tissue when compared with cells or tissues in animals.
Topical method (smear method) is a way to make preparations by greasing or create a thin membrane of material in the form of liquid or not liquid on glass objects. This method can be used for the manufacture of preparations of blood, pus red bone marrow, oral mucosa, and vaginal mucosa (for knowing a pregnant animal or not), plants sekulen. Here is one example of a method of making preparations commentator smear of blood.Materials used: human blood, 70% ethanol, methanol, gemsa solution of 3% in methanol, cold distilled water previously boiled, entellan. The tools used are glass objects and glass cover, pipettes, needles Franke, tissue, like coloring. Manufacturing process is done by:a. Prepare a clean glass objects in accordance with the desired amount.b. Take the blood from the fingertip to - 3, 4, or 5 with piercing using needles previously Franke either fingertip or a needle was swabbed first with 70% ethanol.c. Discard the first drop of blood out of his fingertips, and use of blood drops the second, third and so on.d. The blood drops on a glass object, then quickly and carefully dab the blood by means of other glass objects. A good basting angle is 45o and when basting quickly in order to obtain a thin smear.e. Let the results of the blood smear to dry in the air, then fiksasilah with methanol for 5 minutes, by immersing the glass objects that have had blood smeared into the container (staining jar) which already contain methanol.f. Let dry preparations in the air once again, by putting a glass object in a standing position like a tilt in staining. After drying on the back sleeping position with the surface containing the spread on the top surface.g. Tetesi entire surface of topical preparations with 3% Giemsa dye solution and let stand for 30-40 minutes or longer.h. Wash with cold distilled wateri. Let dry again topical preparations in the air.j. Tetesi earlier with entellan topical preparations, especially on the smear of blood that is estimated to cells was evident, and immediately after hatching entellan, cover the last with a glass cover.k. Check if at the time of closure there were air bubbles, if there is then remove the bubbles were first by pressing the cover glass with a needle.l. Allow to dry, and so the average can be weighted down with ballast, and the label on the glass object is empty.3. Methods MarserasiMarserasi method is a method of making preparations to separate the fibers from hardwood trees. Making preparations maceration aims to see a picture of the forms of plant cells. The way is by separating the cells making up antarselnya. If you've determined what materials are used in the maceration process is then the material should be boiled with water first until soft and then boiled again with 10% KOH which are compounds useful as maseran pectin which separates the cells.Stalks of plants are always used in the maceration process it because the stems of plants is more varied in cell shape but it is also more easily made when compared with animal cells. Trunk of the plant also has a distinctive shape in the image of its constituent networks. So, this maceration method is more suitable when used in cell or plant tissue when compared with cells or tissues in animals.
Method of Making Whole Mount Preparations
Method of Making Whole Mount Preparations Whole mount is a method of making preparations that will be observed with a microscope with no prior presence of the cutting process. So in this method, the preparation is observed that intact preparations either in the form of cells, tissues, organs and individuals. Images produced by whole-mount preparations is seen in intact form as when the organism is still alive so that observations can be made only limited to the morphology in general terms. Plants were observed to be small so it can fit on the glass object. While on a rather large plant can be done trimming (pruning) in order to become more neat and small. Examples of plants used to make preparations using the whole-mount preparations are moss, sorry spikes, leaves with trikoma and leaves with stomata. Poses of making whole-mount preparations in the moss plant that is first conducted the selection of individual moss which will be observed as much as ± 5 individuals. This is done as a repetition of each treatment so that if at one loop there are procedural errors, can be avoided by looping the other. Selection is based on the morphology of moss that is still intact vegetative and generative structures that can be observed that there are differences in the two structures. After the selection of individuals, then the moss is placed in FAA fixative solution. This treatment aims to kill the moss and fix the structure contained on the moss so that the structure does not change significantly after the moss is turned off. After fixed for ± 1 hour, then moss is washed 3 times using aquades. Then inserted into the moss Xylol solution. It aims to eliminate the remnants of fixative solution remaining on the outside of the body moss. Then the mold is transferred into a solution of hematoxylin dye, tryphan blue-lactophenol solution to provide color contrast is more apparent on the body parts of moss which will be observed. Then the moss was incubated for 2 days at room temperature to give sufficient time and temperature so the dye solution can really get into the body (tissue) mold. Moss then dehydrated in a series of alcohol 15%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 85%, 90%, 95%, absolute alcohol to remove the remnants of the liquid contained in the body of moss that is feared could be a bacterial growth substrate so that the moss becomes rot before observed. After the moss was transferred onto a glass object that has been smeared with a solution that serves as an adhesive Hoyer. In order to facilitate observation, Hoyer himself useful adhesive to attach the moss on the object and cover glass so that the observed object can not move cultivated at the time of the adhesive Hoyer there is no air bubbles that would interfere in the process of observation. After that Whole mount preparations are finished, ready to be observed under the microscope.
Miscellaneous Reagents
Miscellaneous ReagentsIn chemical reactions, we know different kinds of reagents are often used. Here are some kinds of reagents and how to make it:1. Benedict (qualitative test glucose)Solution ANa Citrate 86.5 g, 50 g Na2CO3, 400 ml distilled water. Dissolve the salt concentrate, help with heating. Strain and dilute with distilled water to 425 ml.Solution BCuSO4.5H2O 8.65 g, 50 ml of distilled water. Combine first is to dissolve all the salt.Mixing processPour B into A while stirring constantly and then dilute to 500 ml.
2. Fehling (solution for reducing sugars)Solution ACuSO4. 5H2O 34.66 g, 5 ml of concentrated H2SO4, distilled water 100 ml. Circulate concentrated H2SO4 slowly into a beaker containing 100 ml of distilled water while stirring occasionally, then put the salt copper sulfate into it. Once dissolved, dilute to 500 ml, transfer the reagent into the reagent bottle.Solution BKNaC4H4O6.4H2O 173 grams, 50 grams of pure NaOH, distilled water. Prepare 250 ml of distilled water in a 600 ml beaker, NaOH was weighed immediately after the insert in distilled water, then dissolve the salt tartat and dilute the solution until the volume to 500 ml.Mixing processDissolve the second volume of this solution with the same ratio at the time will be used (so fresh).3. Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)AgNO3 8.5 gr. 500 ml distilled water.Enter AgNO3 in 500 ml brown bottle closed, pour in 200 ml distilled water, keep the salt is dissolved. Dilute with the remaining distilled water, cover tightly, and store in a dark place or avoid direct sunlight4. Formaldehyde 10%Dilute 40% formaldehyde (formalin) 25 ml to 75 ml of distilled water5. Kupri Acetate (Barfoed reagent for the reducing monosaccharides)Cu (CH3COO) 2 33 gr5 ml of distilled waterInto a 600 ml beaker, mix salt and acetic acid kupri; stir briefly; then pour a little distilled water while stirring so the mixture A dissolves. Laruan dilute the solution until the volume to 500 ml.
6. Millon (reagent for albumin and phenol)Mercury 10 gr20 ml of concentrated HNO3Distilled waterDissolve mercury into concentrated HNO3. (Use the hood and do the acid room). Once mercury is dissolved, add distilled water as much as 2x the volume of the solution obtained by the fancy; let stand for 12 hours, and filtered.7. Molischa. α-naphthol 5% alcoholicα-naphthol 0.5 gramsEthanol 95% 20 mlDissolve A into B, then pour into the bottle drops.b. α-naphthol 15% (called reagents molisch; for wool)15 g α-naphtholalcohol or chloroform 100 mlOnce mixed and shaken; let stand for a while, and then strain.c. β-naphthol40 g β-naphtholalcohol 360 mlOnce mixed, then shaken, let stand a while, then strain.8. Mayer (reagent for alkaloids with almost all white precipitate formed in a slightly acidic)Solution A1.358 g HgCl260 ml distilled waterSolution BKI 5 gr10 ml distilled waterPour solution A into solution B, dilute with distilled water until the solution volume to 100 ml.9. Seliwanoff0.15 g resorcinol34 ml concentrated HCl68 ml distilled water(Or HCl: distilled water = 1: 2)Dissolve A in B.10. 0.5 M Aluminium Sulphate (500 ml)
Dissolve 166.6 g of Al 2 (SO4) 3 18H2O (MW = 666.5 g / mol) in deionized water sufficient to make 500 ml solution.11. 0.5 M Copper (II) sulfate (500 ml)Dissolve 62.42 g of CuSO4 • 5H2O (MW = 249.7 g / mol) in deionized water sufficient to make 500 ml solution.12. 6.0 M hydrochloric acid (500 ml)Attention: protector, gloves goggles, and lab coat or apron. Working in a fume hood, concentrated hydrochloric acid fumes are caustic and will burn your nose hair. The water is hot enough when concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to waterAdd 258 ml of concentrated HCl (11.6 M and 36%) for which sufficient deionized water to make 450 ml solution. When the solution cools to room temperature, add distilled water until the volume of 500 ml.13. 0.5 M iron (II) sulfate (500 ml)Dissolve 69.5 g of FeSO4 • 7H2O (MW = 278.0 g / mol) dissolved in distilled water until the volume of 500 ml.14. 2 M Methanol Hydrochloric AcidDissolve 17 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid in 83 ml of methanol.15. 0.5 M Sodium Hydroxide (1 L): Dissolve 20.00 g NaOH (MW = 40.00 g / mol) in enough deionized water to make 1 L solution.(Caution: Wear protective gloves, goggles, and lab coats. Working in the dense fume. Avoid inhaling dust or fumes.)16. 2% aqueous Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
Dissolve 1 g of potassium permanganate in 50 ml of deionized water.17. Potassium Hydroxide 10% methanolDissolve 10 g potassium hydroxide pellets with a total volume of 100 ml of methanol.18. 0.5% ninhydrin solution (50 ml)Dissolve 0.25 g of ninhydrin in 50 ml of 95% ethanol. Place the solution in dropper bottles for filling.19. 2% pyridinium Bromide Perbromide, PBP, in absolute ethanol (50 ml)Dissolve 1 g perbromide pyridinium bromide in 50 ml of absolute ethanol reagent is unstable, so had to put up a new one every day.20. Barfoed's reagent (300 ml)20.0 g Cu (C2H 3O2) 2 • H2O copper (II) acetate monohydrate (MW = 199.65 g / mol) in 300 ml aquades. Dissolve Copper (II) acetate slowly, strain. If necessary, and add 2.7 ml of glacial acetic acid.
2. Fehling (solution for reducing sugars)Solution ACuSO4. 5H2O 34.66 g, 5 ml of concentrated H2SO4, distilled water 100 ml. Circulate concentrated H2SO4 slowly into a beaker containing 100 ml of distilled water while stirring occasionally, then put the salt copper sulfate into it. Once dissolved, dilute to 500 ml, transfer the reagent into the reagent bottle.Solution BKNaC4H4O6.4H2O 173 grams, 50 grams of pure NaOH, distilled water. Prepare 250 ml of distilled water in a 600 ml beaker, NaOH was weighed immediately after the insert in distilled water, then dissolve the salt tartat and dilute the solution until the volume to 500 ml.Mixing processDissolve the second volume of this solution with the same ratio at the time will be used (so fresh).3. Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)AgNO3 8.5 gr. 500 ml distilled water.Enter AgNO3 in 500 ml brown bottle closed, pour in 200 ml distilled water, keep the salt is dissolved. Dilute with the remaining distilled water, cover tightly, and store in a dark place or avoid direct sunlight4. Formaldehyde 10%Dilute 40% formaldehyde (formalin) 25 ml to 75 ml of distilled water5. Kupri Acetate (Barfoed reagent for the reducing monosaccharides)Cu (CH3COO) 2 33 gr5 ml of distilled waterInto a 600 ml beaker, mix salt and acetic acid kupri; stir briefly; then pour a little distilled water while stirring so the mixture A dissolves. Laruan dilute the solution until the volume to 500 ml.
6. Millon (reagent for albumin and phenol)Mercury 10 gr20 ml of concentrated HNO3Distilled waterDissolve mercury into concentrated HNO3. (Use the hood and do the acid room). Once mercury is dissolved, add distilled water as much as 2x the volume of the solution obtained by the fancy; let stand for 12 hours, and filtered.7. Molischa. α-naphthol 5% alcoholicα-naphthol 0.5 gramsEthanol 95% 20 mlDissolve A into B, then pour into the bottle drops.b. α-naphthol 15% (called reagents molisch; for wool)15 g α-naphtholalcohol or chloroform 100 mlOnce mixed and shaken; let stand for a while, and then strain.c. β-naphthol40 g β-naphtholalcohol 360 mlOnce mixed, then shaken, let stand a while, then strain.8. Mayer (reagent for alkaloids with almost all white precipitate formed in a slightly acidic)Solution A1.358 g HgCl260 ml distilled waterSolution BKI 5 gr10 ml distilled waterPour solution A into solution B, dilute with distilled water until the solution volume to 100 ml.9. Seliwanoff0.15 g resorcinol34 ml concentrated HCl68 ml distilled water(Or HCl: distilled water = 1: 2)Dissolve A in B.10. 0.5 M Aluminium Sulphate (500 ml)
Dissolve 166.6 g of Al 2 (SO4) 3 18H2O (MW = 666.5 g / mol) in deionized water sufficient to make 500 ml solution.11. 0.5 M Copper (II) sulfate (500 ml)Dissolve 62.42 g of CuSO4 • 5H2O (MW = 249.7 g / mol) in deionized water sufficient to make 500 ml solution.12. 6.0 M hydrochloric acid (500 ml)Attention: protector, gloves goggles, and lab coat or apron. Working in a fume hood, concentrated hydrochloric acid fumes are caustic and will burn your nose hair. The water is hot enough when concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to waterAdd 258 ml of concentrated HCl (11.6 M and 36%) for which sufficient deionized water to make 450 ml solution. When the solution cools to room temperature, add distilled water until the volume of 500 ml.13. 0.5 M iron (II) sulfate (500 ml)Dissolve 69.5 g of FeSO4 • 7H2O (MW = 278.0 g / mol) dissolved in distilled water until the volume of 500 ml.14. 2 M Methanol Hydrochloric AcidDissolve 17 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid in 83 ml of methanol.15. 0.5 M Sodium Hydroxide (1 L): Dissolve 20.00 g NaOH (MW = 40.00 g / mol) in enough deionized water to make 1 L solution.(Caution: Wear protective gloves, goggles, and lab coats. Working in the dense fume. Avoid inhaling dust or fumes.)16. 2% aqueous Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
Dissolve 1 g of potassium permanganate in 50 ml of deionized water.17. Potassium Hydroxide 10% methanolDissolve 10 g potassium hydroxide pellets with a total volume of 100 ml of methanol.18. 0.5% ninhydrin solution (50 ml)Dissolve 0.25 g of ninhydrin in 50 ml of 95% ethanol. Place the solution in dropper bottles for filling.19. 2% pyridinium Bromide Perbromide, PBP, in absolute ethanol (50 ml)Dissolve 1 g perbromide pyridinium bromide in 50 ml of absolute ethanol reagent is unstable, so had to put up a new one every day.20. Barfoed's reagent (300 ml)20.0 g Cu (C2H 3O2) 2 • H2O copper (II) acetate monohydrate (MW = 199.65 g / mol) in 300 ml aquades. Dissolve Copper (II) acetate slowly, strain. If necessary, and add 2.7 ml of glacial acetic acid.
Definition of Reagents
Definition of Reagents
Chemical reagents, reactants, or reagents (English: reactant or reagent) is a material that causes or is consumed in a chemical reaction.
For example, hydrochloric acid is a reagent that reacts with zinc metal to produce hydrogen, or react with calcium carbonate produces carbon dioxide.
The term reagent is also used to refer to chemical substances with a purity sufficient for an analysis or experiment. For example, a reagent water should not contain many impurities such as sodium ions, chloride, or bacteria, and also has high electrical resistance
Chemical reagents, reactants, or reagents (English: reactant or reagent) is a material that causes or is consumed in a chemical reaction.
For example, hydrochloric acid is a reagent that reacts with zinc metal to produce hydrogen, or react with calcium carbonate produces carbon dioxide.
The term reagent is also used to refer to chemical substances with a purity sufficient for an analysis or experiment. For example, a reagent water should not contain many impurities such as sodium ions, chloride, or bacteria, and also has high electrical resistance
Tuesday, August 9, 2011
PEMBUATAN TELESKOP SEDERHANA
LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM ASTRONOMI
LAPORAN PEMBUATAN TELESKOP DAN PENGAMATAN DENGAN TELESKOP
Disusun Oleh:
NAMA
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KONIAWAN FAJAR R
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NIM
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041
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KELAS
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A
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PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN IPA
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA
2011
TELESKOP
Teleskop berasal dari dua kata yaitu “tele” yang berarti “jauh” dan “scope” berarti “melihat”, dari arti katanya teleskop dapat didefinisikan adalah alat untuk melihat [objek-objek] jauh. Teleskop adalah instrumen yang membantu dalam pengamatan benda jauh dengan mengumpulkan radiasi elektromagnetik (seperti cahaya tampak ).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope).
· PEMBUATAN TELESKOP SEDERHANA
A. ALAT DAN BAHAN:
Alat
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Bahan
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a. Gunting
b. Cutter
c. Solasi bening
d. Double-tape
e. Lem kertas
f. Lem UHU
g. Penggaris
h. Pensil
i. Lakban warna kuning
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a. Lensa cembung-cembung 2 dioptri (diameter 4,8 cm)
b. Lensa cembung-cembung 20 dioptri (diameter 4,8 cm)
c. Tabung tisu gulung bekas (diameter 4,1 cm)
d. Kertas karton
e. Kertas manila hitam
f. Scotlite warna hitam dan biru
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B. PROSEDUR PEMBUATAN
Rancangan Gambar Teleskop :
No
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Langkah-langkah pembuatan teleskop
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Foto
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1.
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Membuat tabung utama teropong :
a. Memotong kertas karton dan kertas manila hitam dengan ukuran 30,2 cm x 42 cm.
b. Melapisi kertas karton dengan kertas manila hitam yang sudah dipotong dengan menggunakan lem kertas.
c. Membuat tabung dari kertas tersebut (kertas karton yang sudah dilapisi kertas manila hitam) dengan cara menggulung kertas tersebut membentuk tabung dengan diameter dalam 4,4 cm dan diameter luar 5 cm.
d. Merekatkan tabung dengan memberi selotip sampai lem benar-benar kering agar ukuran tabung tidak berubah.
e. Setelah kering kemudian melapisi dengan scotlite berwarna hitam
f. Tabung utama teropong, selanjutnya disebut tabung A, siap digunakan.
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2.
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Membuat tabung teropong depan:
a) Memotong kertas karton dan kertas manila hitam dengan ukuran 32 cm x 10 cm.
b) Melapisi kertas karton dengan kertas manila berwarna hitam.
c) Membuat tabung dari kertas tersebut (kertas karton yang sudah dilapisi kertas manila hitam) dengan cara menggulung kertas tersebut membentuk tabung dengan diameter dalam lingkaran 5,1 cm.
d) Memberi solasi bening pada tabung tersebut sampai lem benar-benar kering agar ukuran tabung tidak berubah.
e) Memotong kertas karton dengan ukuran 1 cm x 15 cm sebanyak 3 buah.
f) Memberi lem UHU pada 3 kertas karton ukuran 1 cm x 15 cm tersebut.
g) Menempelkan 3 kertas karton ukuran 1 cm x 15 cm tersebut di dalam salah satu ujung tabung berdiameter 5,1 cm tadi sehingga diameter dalam tabung mengecil menjadi 4,2 cm.
h) Melapisi tabung yang telah jadi dengan scotlite warna biru
i) Tabung teropong depan, selanjutnya disebut tabung B, siap digunakan.
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3.
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Membuat tabung belakang teropong:
a) Memotong kertas karton dan kertas manila hitam dengan ukuran 32 cm x 20 cm.
b) Melapisi kertas karton dengan kertas manila berwarna hitam.
c) Membuat tabung dari kertas tersebut (kertas karton yang sudah dilapisi kertas manila hitam) dengan cara menggulung kertas tersebut membentuk tabung dengan diameter dalam lingkaran 5,1 cm (tabung C)
d) Memberi solasi bening pada tabung tersebut sampai lem benar-benar kering agar ukuran tabung tidak berubah.
e) Memotong kertas karton dengan ukuran 1 cm x 15 cm sebanyak 4 buah.
f) Memberi lem UHU pada 4 kertas karton ukuran 1 cm x 15 cm tersebut.
g) Menempelkan 4 kertas karton ukuran 1 cm x 15 cm tersebut di dalam salah satu ujung tabung berdiameter 5,1 cm tadi sehingga diameter dalam tabung menjadi 4,4 cm. Selanjutnya tabung ini disebut tabung C.
h) Membuat tabung lain dari tabung tisu bekas (diameter dalam 4,1 cm) yang dalamnya telah dilapisi dengan kertas manila berwarna hitam kemudian menambahkan potongan kertas manila untuk memperbesar diameter luar salah satu ujung tabung menjadi 5 cm
i) kemudian memasukkan tabung tersebut ke dalam tabung C sehingga tabung tersebut tertahan di salah satu ujung tabung C
j) melapisi ujung lain tabung bekas tisu dengan selapis karton berukuran 1 cm x 12,5 cm
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4.
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Membuat tempat lensa :
Membuat tabung dengan tinggi 2,8 cm dan diamater dalam 5 cm. Kemudian memperkecil diameter dalam ujung yang lain dengan cara melapisi dengan kertas karton agar lensa tertahan.
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5.
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Membuat tabung view finder:
a. Membuat tabung dengan panjang 12 cm dan diameter dalam 1,5 cm dengan menggunakan kertas karton
b. Melapisi tabung dengan lakban
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6.
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Membuat penutup lensa:
a. Membuat tabung dengan tinggi 2,5 cm dan diameter dalam 5,8 cm disertai alasnya (penutup lensa depan)
b. Membuat tabung dengan tinggi 2,5 cm dan diamater dalam 5,4 cm disertai alasnya (penutup lensa belakang)
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7.
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Merangkai teropong :
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a. Memasukkan lensa 2 dioptri ke dalam tabung B kemudian merangkainya dengan tabung utama (tabung A)
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b. Memasukkan rangkaian tabung A dan B ke dalam tabung C
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Ã
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c. Memasang lensa pada ujung tabung C kemudian memasang penutup lensa supaya lensanya tidak jatuh.
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d. Memasang viewfinder pada tabung diatas tabung C dengan menggunakan double-tape
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e. Teropong siap digunakan.
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f. Bila teropong telah selesai digunakan pasang penutup lensa agar lensanya tidak kotor terkena debu.
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· HASIL PENGAMATAN DENGAN TELESKOP
1. Pengamatan Kebumian (Terestrial)
a. Pengamatan Pagi Hari (in door):
1) Tanggal : 29 Mei 2011.
2) Waktu : 07:00-07.30 WIB.
3) Tempat : dalam rumah (desa Kranggan, Kebonalas, Manisrenggo, Klaten).
4) Cahaya matahari : 20 %
5) Hasil pengamatan : objek pengamatan angka ukuran 1 cm x 1 cm (pada papan tanggalan) pada jaran 10 meter mulai dapat terlihat jelas dan sampai jarak 20 meter pun masih dapat terlihat dengan jelas. Pengamatan tidak dilakukan melebihi 20 meter karena harus keluar rumah sehingga ada perbedaan intensitas cahaya matahari antara di dalam dan di luar rumah.
b. Pengamatan Siang Hari (out door):
1) Tanggal : 6 Juni 2011
2) Waktu : 14.00 WIB
3) Tempat : Halaman Rektorat UNY
4) Cahaya matahari : 90%
5) Hasil pengamatan : dapat melihat tulisan dengan ukuran huruf 10 cm x 7 cm di papan yang berukuran kurang lebih 1 m x 0,5 m dishelter trans jogja Jl. Colombo dengan jarak kurang lebih 175 m.
c. Pengamatan Sore Hari (out door):
1) Tanggal : 6 Juni 2011
2) Waktu : 17.00 WIB
3) Tempat : Halaman Rektorat UNY
4) Cahaya matahari : 25%
5) Hasil pengamatan : dapat melihat tulisan dengan ukuran huruf 10 x 7 cm dipapan yang berukuran kurang lebih 1 m x 0,5 m dishelter trans jogja Jl. Colombo dengan jarak kurang lebih 100 m.
2. Pengamatan Planet
a. Pengamatan Pertama
1) Tanggal : 5 juni 2011
2) Waktu : 05.00 WIB
3) Tempat pengamatan : desa Kranggan, Kebonalas, Manisrenggo, Klaten.
Hasil pengamatan :
Terlihat planet Jupiter dan Venus di sebelah timur agak condong ke Utara, letak planet venus dibawah planet Jupiter. Saat diamati dengan teleskop terlihat sebuah titik bercahaya. Namun cahaya yang dipancarkan oleh planet ini berbeda dengan cahaya yang dipancarkan bintang. Perbedaannya cahaya planet ini tidak berkelap-kelip, melainkan tetap. Ternyata planet tidak berkelap-kelip karena planet hanya memantulkan cahaya dari matahari, tidak seperti bintang yang memancarkan cahayanya sendiri.
Jupiter : warnanya agak kuning dan terang, terlihat lebih besar daripada venus dan saturnus.
Venus : warnanya kuning kemerahan, terlihat lebih besar daripada saturnus namun lebih kecil dari Jupiter.
Nama Planet
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Jupiter
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Venus
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Magnitudo
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-1,98
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-3,78
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Magnitude Absolut
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25,84
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26,78
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Azimut / Ketinggian
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+71 o 47’
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+70 o 24’
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RA
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1 h 53 m
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3 h 29 m
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DE
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+10 o 26’
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+17 o 41’
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b. Pengamatan Kedua
1) Tanggal : 6 Juni 201
2) Waktu : 18.30 WIB
3) Tempat pengamatan : Halaman Rektorat UNY
4) Hasil pengamatan :
Terlihat planet Saturnus yang terletak pas diatas dan masih condong ke arah timur. Planet Saturnus terlihat seperti bintang yaitu sebuah titik yang bercahaya, tetapi cahayanya tetap, tidak berkelap-kelip. Warnanya terlihat putih kebiruan, terlihat seperti titik kecil, terletak berdekatan dengan bintang Porrima.
Nama Planet
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Saturnus
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Magnitudo
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1,09
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Magnitude Absolut
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27,85
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Azimut / Ketinggian
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+66o51’ / 75 o 46’
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RA
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12 h 42 m
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DE
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-1 o 45’
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3. Pengamatan Langit Malam
a. Pengamatan Bulan
1) Tanggal : 6 Juni 2011
2) Waktu : 18.20 WIB
3) Tempat : Hall Rektorat UNY
4) Hasil pengamatan : Bulan terlihat disebelah atas arah barat, saat diamati dengan teropong bulan terlihat berbentuk bulan sabit.
b. Pengamatan Bintang
1) Tanggal : 6 Juni 2011
2) Waktu : 18.30 WIB
3) Tempat : Halaman Rektorat UNY
4) Hasil pengamatan : Terlihat alfa centaury disebelah selatan. Saat diamati dengan teleskop yang kami buat, alfa centaury tidak terpisah. Hanya terlihat satu titik bercahaya dan kelip-kelip.
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