Method of Making Section Preparations
Section method is a method of making preparations by means of fixation (depending on material) plant took longer effective ± 3 days. Section method is a method by means of thin meniris on preparations to be made. In principle there are three kinds of slices by cutting areas, namely:a. Transverse slices (cross sections, usually abbreviated to cs or xs) is sliced with a direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis of the object.b. Sliced lengthwise (longitudinal section, usually abbreviated to ls) adalh slices parallel to the horizontal axis of the object.1. Radial longitudinal slices: if preparations were sliced perpendicular to the axis of the organ.2. Tangential longitudinal slices: if the direction of the cut does not pass through the axis of the organ but only parallel to the axis of the organ. Actually understanding is parallel to the outer surface of a plant.3. For the trunk of the plant such as a square-shaped cross section so that the cat's whiskers sliced lengthwise cross-section through the axis is called the diagonal longitude.4. For materials such as castor beans that have a symmetric field, then the cross-sectional longitudinal cross-sectional slice through the axis is called the median longitude.c. Middle slices (median section, usually abbreviated med.atau m.) is sliced parallel to or perpendicular to the center of an object.Making slice preparation (section preparation) is aimed at objects both large and thick vegetation and animals, so that tissue and the cells can be seen under the microscope, it should be thinned with a road cut into small sections and thin. Some materials such as small twigs, the tip of the stem that is still easy, can be cut or sliced into pieces thin enough to use a razor or razor blade. These materials are not as strong as leaves, roots and tissues of animals in order to cut thin should be supported with a cork, paraffin or other materials.To obtain a sufficiently thin slices in accordance with the desired, use a slicer that can cut tissue micron in size. To be sliced with a microtome then the object or the network must first be infiltrated and blocked with paraffin.Microtome is a machine for slicing of biological specimens into very thin sections for microscopic examination. Some microtome using a steel knife incision and used to prepare animal or plant tissue in histology. Some use of microtome:Some use of microtome:a. For light microscopy, the material first fixed and frozen or embedded in paraffin. Sections as thick as 30-20 mm are usually cut with a steel blade.b. For electron microscopy, fixation followed by embedding in resin as Araldine (R), sections cut with glass knives or diamond knives ultramikrotom thick as 200-100 nm.One type of microtome microtome hand, a hand microtome microtome with the simplest form. These devices are commonly used in school laboratories to make a very thin slice specimens (approximately 20), that can be viewed under a microscope. For example incision leaves, stems, roots, etc.
Showing posts with label Education. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Education. Show all posts
Thursday, August 11, 2011
Method of Making squash Preparations
Method of Making squash Preparations
Squash method is a method of making preparations with the cover glass is pressed on. Example: onion root tip mitosis. The process of making preparations with the method of squash at the root of the onion
a. Preparation phase
1. Perform root growth of onion in a plastic cup containing water for 1 week, by piercing the center of the onion horizontally so that only the roots are touching the water.
2. Cut the roots at the lower end of the evening at 00:00 to 00:15, because at the time that the cells in onion root meristems are actively dividing.
3. Cutting the root length of 1 cm from the tip.
4. Soaking the roots in a bottle filled with a solution ampoule FAA.
5. Close the bottle tightly with plastic ampoules and tied securely.
b. Implementation phase
1. Taking a piece of onion root tip of ampoule bottles by using tweezers.
2. Moving into a watch glass.
3. Adding 70% alcohol and let it soak for 2 minutes.
4. Alcohol 70% smoked paper with suction.
5. Adding 1N HCL solution and soak for 5 minutes.
6. Cut off the tip (the root cap) and placed on glass objects.
7. Drops with a solution of the dye solution acetocarmin seebagai.
8. Chopping with a rusty razor blade and closed with a cover glass.
9. Skipping over the light spirits.
10. Crushing / pressing with your thumb or the tip of a blunt pencil.
11. Observing the preparations under the microscope.
Squash method is a method of making preparations with the cover glass is pressed on. Example: onion root tip mitosis. The process of making preparations with the method of squash at the root of the onion
a. Preparation phase
1. Perform root growth of onion in a plastic cup containing water for 1 week, by piercing the center of the onion horizontally so that only the roots are touching the water.
2. Cut the roots at the lower end of the evening at 00:00 to 00:15, because at the time that the cells in onion root meristems are actively dividing.
3. Cutting the root length of 1 cm from the tip.
4. Soaking the roots in a bottle filled with a solution ampoule FAA.
5. Close the bottle tightly with plastic ampoules and tied securely.
b. Implementation phase
1. Taking a piece of onion root tip of ampoule bottles by using tweezers.
2. Moving into a watch glass.
3. Adding 70% alcohol and let it soak for 2 minutes.
4. Alcohol 70% smoked paper with suction.
5. Adding 1N HCL solution and soak for 5 minutes.
6. Cut off the tip (the root cap) and placed on glass objects.
7. Drops with a solution of the dye solution acetocarmin seebagai.
8. Chopping with a rusty razor blade and closed with a cover glass.
9. Skipping over the light spirits.
10. Crushing / pressing with your thumb or the tip of a blunt pencil.
11. Observing the preparations under the microscope.
Method of Making Marserasi Methods Preparations
Method of Making Marserasi Methods Preparations
Marserasi method is a method of making preparations to separate the fibers from hardwood trees. Making preparations maceration aims to see a picture of the forms of plant cells. The way is by separating the cells making up antarselnya. If you've determined what materials are used in the maceration process is then the material should be boiled with water first until soft and then boiled again with 10% KOH which are compounds useful as maseran pectin which separates the cells.
Stalks of plants are always used in the maceration process it because the stems of plants is more varied in cell shape but it is also more easily made when compared with animal cells. Trunk of the plant also has a distinctive shape in the image of its constituent networks. So, this maceration method is more suitable when used in cell or plant tissue when compared with cells or tissues in animals.
Marserasi method is a method of making preparations to separate the fibers from hardwood trees. Making preparations maceration aims to see a picture of the forms of plant cells. The way is by separating the cells making up antarselnya. If you've determined what materials are used in the maceration process is then the material should be boiled with water first until soft and then boiled again with 10% KOH which are compounds useful as maseran pectin which separates the cells.
Stalks of plants are always used in the maceration process it because the stems of plants is more varied in cell shape but it is also more easily made when compared with animal cells. Trunk of the plant also has a distinctive shape in the image of its constituent networks. So, this maceration method is more suitable when used in cell or plant tissue when compared with cells or tissues in animals.
Method of Making Smear Preparations
Method of Making Smear Preparations
Topical method (smear method) is a way to make preparations by greasing or create a thin membrane of material in the form of liquid or not liquid on glass objects. This method can be used for the manufacture of preparations of blood, pus red bone marrow, oral mucosa, and vaginal mucosa (for knowing a pregnant animal or not), plants sekulen. Here is one example of a method of making preparations commentator smear of blood.Materials used: human blood, 70% ethanol, methanol, gemsa solution of 3% in methanol, cold distilled water previously boiled, entellan. The tools used are glass objects and glass cover, pipettes, needles Franke, tissue, like coloring. Manufacturing process is done by:a. Prepare a clean glass objects in accordance with the desired amount.b. Take the blood from the fingertip to - 3, 4, or 5 with piercing using needles previously Franke either fingertip or a needle was swabbed first with 70% ethanol.c. Discard the first drop of blood out of his fingertips, and use of blood drops the second, third and so on.d. The blood drops on a glass object, then quickly and carefully dab the blood by means of other glass objects. A good basting angle is 45o and when basting quickly in order to obtain a thin smear.e. Let the results of the blood smear to dry in the air, then fiksasilah with methanol for 5 minutes, by immersing the glass objects that have had blood smeared into the container (staining jar) which already contain methanol.f. Let dry preparations in the air once again, by putting a glass object in a standing position like a tilt in staining. After drying on the back sleeping position with the surface containing the spread on the top surface.g. Tetesi entire surface of topical preparations with 3% Giemsa dye solution and let stand for 30-40 minutes or longer.h. Wash with cold distilled wateri. Let dry again topical preparations in the air.j. Tetesi earlier with entellan topical preparations, especially on the smear of blood that is estimated to cells was evident, and immediately after hatching entellan, cover the last with a glass cover.k. Check if at the time of closure there were air bubbles, if there is then remove the bubbles were first by pressing the cover glass with a needle.l. Allow to dry, and so the average can be weighted down with ballast, and the label on the glass object is empty.3. Methods MarserasiMarserasi method is a method of making preparations to separate the fibers from hardwood trees. Making preparations maceration aims to see a picture of the forms of plant cells. The way is by separating the cells making up antarselnya. If you've determined what materials are used in the maceration process is then the material should be boiled with water first until soft and then boiled again with 10% KOH which are compounds useful as maseran pectin which separates the cells.Stalks of plants are always used in the maceration process it because the stems of plants is more varied in cell shape but it is also more easily made when compared with animal cells. Trunk of the plant also has a distinctive shape in the image of its constituent networks. So, this maceration method is more suitable when used in cell or plant tissue when compared with cells or tissues in animals.
Topical method (smear method) is a way to make preparations by greasing or create a thin membrane of material in the form of liquid or not liquid on glass objects. This method can be used for the manufacture of preparations of blood, pus red bone marrow, oral mucosa, and vaginal mucosa (for knowing a pregnant animal or not), plants sekulen. Here is one example of a method of making preparations commentator smear of blood.Materials used: human blood, 70% ethanol, methanol, gemsa solution of 3% in methanol, cold distilled water previously boiled, entellan. The tools used are glass objects and glass cover, pipettes, needles Franke, tissue, like coloring. Manufacturing process is done by:a. Prepare a clean glass objects in accordance with the desired amount.b. Take the blood from the fingertip to - 3, 4, or 5 with piercing using needles previously Franke either fingertip or a needle was swabbed first with 70% ethanol.c. Discard the first drop of blood out of his fingertips, and use of blood drops the second, third and so on.d. The blood drops on a glass object, then quickly and carefully dab the blood by means of other glass objects. A good basting angle is 45o and when basting quickly in order to obtain a thin smear.e. Let the results of the blood smear to dry in the air, then fiksasilah with methanol for 5 minutes, by immersing the glass objects that have had blood smeared into the container (staining jar) which already contain methanol.f. Let dry preparations in the air once again, by putting a glass object in a standing position like a tilt in staining. After drying on the back sleeping position with the surface containing the spread on the top surface.g. Tetesi entire surface of topical preparations with 3% Giemsa dye solution and let stand for 30-40 minutes or longer.h. Wash with cold distilled wateri. Let dry again topical preparations in the air.j. Tetesi earlier with entellan topical preparations, especially on the smear of blood that is estimated to cells was evident, and immediately after hatching entellan, cover the last with a glass cover.k. Check if at the time of closure there were air bubbles, if there is then remove the bubbles were first by pressing the cover glass with a needle.l. Allow to dry, and so the average can be weighted down with ballast, and the label on the glass object is empty.3. Methods MarserasiMarserasi method is a method of making preparations to separate the fibers from hardwood trees. Making preparations maceration aims to see a picture of the forms of plant cells. The way is by separating the cells making up antarselnya. If you've determined what materials are used in the maceration process is then the material should be boiled with water first until soft and then boiled again with 10% KOH which are compounds useful as maseran pectin which separates the cells.Stalks of plants are always used in the maceration process it because the stems of plants is more varied in cell shape but it is also more easily made when compared with animal cells. Trunk of the plant also has a distinctive shape in the image of its constituent networks. So, this maceration method is more suitable when used in cell or plant tissue when compared with cells or tissues in animals.
Method of Making Whole Mount Preparations
Method of Making Whole Mount Preparations Whole mount is a method of making preparations that will be observed with a microscope with no prior presence of the cutting process. So in this method, the preparation is observed that intact preparations either in the form of cells, tissues, organs and individuals. Images produced by whole-mount preparations is seen in intact form as when the organism is still alive so that observations can be made only limited to the morphology in general terms. Plants were observed to be small so it can fit on the glass object. While on a rather large plant can be done trimming (pruning) in order to become more neat and small. Examples of plants used to make preparations using the whole-mount preparations are moss, sorry spikes, leaves with trikoma and leaves with stomata. Poses of making whole-mount preparations in the moss plant that is first conducted the selection of individual moss which will be observed as much as ± 5 individuals. This is done as a repetition of each treatment so that if at one loop there are procedural errors, can be avoided by looping the other. Selection is based on the morphology of moss that is still intact vegetative and generative structures that can be observed that there are differences in the two structures. After the selection of individuals, then the moss is placed in FAA fixative solution. This treatment aims to kill the moss and fix the structure contained on the moss so that the structure does not change significantly after the moss is turned off. After fixed for ± 1 hour, then moss is washed 3 times using aquades. Then inserted into the moss Xylol solution. It aims to eliminate the remnants of fixative solution remaining on the outside of the body moss. Then the mold is transferred into a solution of hematoxylin dye, tryphan blue-lactophenol solution to provide color contrast is more apparent on the body parts of moss which will be observed. Then the moss was incubated for 2 days at room temperature to give sufficient time and temperature so the dye solution can really get into the body (tissue) mold. Moss then dehydrated in a series of alcohol 15%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 85%, 90%, 95%, absolute alcohol to remove the remnants of the liquid contained in the body of moss that is feared could be a bacterial growth substrate so that the moss becomes rot before observed. After the moss was transferred onto a glass object that has been smeared with a solution that serves as an adhesive Hoyer. In order to facilitate observation, Hoyer himself useful adhesive to attach the moss on the object and cover glass so that the observed object can not move cultivated at the time of the adhesive Hoyer there is no air bubbles that would interfere in the process of observation. After that Whole mount preparations are finished, ready to be observed under the microscope.
Miscellaneous Reagents
Miscellaneous ReagentsIn chemical reactions, we know different kinds of reagents are often used. Here are some kinds of reagents and how to make it:1. Benedict (qualitative test glucose)Solution ANa Citrate 86.5 g, 50 g Na2CO3, 400 ml distilled water. Dissolve the salt concentrate, help with heating. Strain and dilute with distilled water to 425 ml.Solution BCuSO4.5H2O 8.65 g, 50 ml of distilled water. Combine first is to dissolve all the salt.Mixing processPour B into A while stirring constantly and then dilute to 500 ml.
2. Fehling (solution for reducing sugars)Solution ACuSO4. 5H2O 34.66 g, 5 ml of concentrated H2SO4, distilled water 100 ml. Circulate concentrated H2SO4 slowly into a beaker containing 100 ml of distilled water while stirring occasionally, then put the salt copper sulfate into it. Once dissolved, dilute to 500 ml, transfer the reagent into the reagent bottle.Solution BKNaC4H4O6.4H2O 173 grams, 50 grams of pure NaOH, distilled water. Prepare 250 ml of distilled water in a 600 ml beaker, NaOH was weighed immediately after the insert in distilled water, then dissolve the salt tartat and dilute the solution until the volume to 500 ml.Mixing processDissolve the second volume of this solution with the same ratio at the time will be used (so fresh).3. Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)AgNO3 8.5 gr. 500 ml distilled water.Enter AgNO3 in 500 ml brown bottle closed, pour in 200 ml distilled water, keep the salt is dissolved. Dilute with the remaining distilled water, cover tightly, and store in a dark place or avoid direct sunlight4. Formaldehyde 10%Dilute 40% formaldehyde (formalin) 25 ml to 75 ml of distilled water5. Kupri Acetate (Barfoed reagent for the reducing monosaccharides)Cu (CH3COO) 2 33 gr5 ml of distilled waterInto a 600 ml beaker, mix salt and acetic acid kupri; stir briefly; then pour a little distilled water while stirring so the mixture A dissolves. Laruan dilute the solution until the volume to 500 ml.
6. Millon (reagent for albumin and phenol)Mercury 10 gr20 ml of concentrated HNO3Distilled waterDissolve mercury into concentrated HNO3. (Use the hood and do the acid room). Once mercury is dissolved, add distilled water as much as 2x the volume of the solution obtained by the fancy; let stand for 12 hours, and filtered.7. Molischa. α-naphthol 5% alcoholicα-naphthol 0.5 gramsEthanol 95% 20 mlDissolve A into B, then pour into the bottle drops.b. α-naphthol 15% (called reagents molisch; for wool)15 g α-naphtholalcohol or chloroform 100 mlOnce mixed and shaken; let stand for a while, and then strain.c. β-naphthol40 g β-naphtholalcohol 360 mlOnce mixed, then shaken, let stand a while, then strain.8. Mayer (reagent for alkaloids with almost all white precipitate formed in a slightly acidic)Solution A1.358 g HgCl260 ml distilled waterSolution BKI 5 gr10 ml distilled waterPour solution A into solution B, dilute with distilled water until the solution volume to 100 ml.9. Seliwanoff0.15 g resorcinol34 ml concentrated HCl68 ml distilled water(Or HCl: distilled water = 1: 2)Dissolve A in B.10. 0.5 M Aluminium Sulphate (500 ml)
Dissolve 166.6 g of Al 2 (SO4) 3 18H2O (MW = 666.5 g / mol) in deionized water sufficient to make 500 ml solution.11. 0.5 M Copper (II) sulfate (500 ml)Dissolve 62.42 g of CuSO4 • 5H2O (MW = 249.7 g / mol) in deionized water sufficient to make 500 ml solution.12. 6.0 M hydrochloric acid (500 ml)Attention: protector, gloves goggles, and lab coat or apron. Working in a fume hood, concentrated hydrochloric acid fumes are caustic and will burn your nose hair. The water is hot enough when concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to waterAdd 258 ml of concentrated HCl (11.6 M and 36%) for which sufficient deionized water to make 450 ml solution. When the solution cools to room temperature, add distilled water until the volume of 500 ml.13. 0.5 M iron (II) sulfate (500 ml)Dissolve 69.5 g of FeSO4 • 7H2O (MW = 278.0 g / mol) dissolved in distilled water until the volume of 500 ml.14. 2 M Methanol Hydrochloric AcidDissolve 17 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid in 83 ml of methanol.15. 0.5 M Sodium Hydroxide (1 L): Dissolve 20.00 g NaOH (MW = 40.00 g / mol) in enough deionized water to make 1 L solution.(Caution: Wear protective gloves, goggles, and lab coats. Working in the dense fume. Avoid inhaling dust or fumes.)16. 2% aqueous Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
Dissolve 1 g of potassium permanganate in 50 ml of deionized water.17. Potassium Hydroxide 10% methanolDissolve 10 g potassium hydroxide pellets with a total volume of 100 ml of methanol.18. 0.5% ninhydrin solution (50 ml)Dissolve 0.25 g of ninhydrin in 50 ml of 95% ethanol. Place the solution in dropper bottles for filling.19. 2% pyridinium Bromide Perbromide, PBP, in absolute ethanol (50 ml)Dissolve 1 g perbromide pyridinium bromide in 50 ml of absolute ethanol reagent is unstable, so had to put up a new one every day.20. Barfoed's reagent (300 ml)20.0 g Cu (C2H 3O2) 2 • H2O copper (II) acetate monohydrate (MW = 199.65 g / mol) in 300 ml aquades. Dissolve Copper (II) acetate slowly, strain. If necessary, and add 2.7 ml of glacial acetic acid.
2. Fehling (solution for reducing sugars)Solution ACuSO4. 5H2O 34.66 g, 5 ml of concentrated H2SO4, distilled water 100 ml. Circulate concentrated H2SO4 slowly into a beaker containing 100 ml of distilled water while stirring occasionally, then put the salt copper sulfate into it. Once dissolved, dilute to 500 ml, transfer the reagent into the reagent bottle.Solution BKNaC4H4O6.4H2O 173 grams, 50 grams of pure NaOH, distilled water. Prepare 250 ml of distilled water in a 600 ml beaker, NaOH was weighed immediately after the insert in distilled water, then dissolve the salt tartat and dilute the solution until the volume to 500 ml.Mixing processDissolve the second volume of this solution with the same ratio at the time will be used (so fresh).3. Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)AgNO3 8.5 gr. 500 ml distilled water.Enter AgNO3 in 500 ml brown bottle closed, pour in 200 ml distilled water, keep the salt is dissolved. Dilute with the remaining distilled water, cover tightly, and store in a dark place or avoid direct sunlight4. Formaldehyde 10%Dilute 40% formaldehyde (formalin) 25 ml to 75 ml of distilled water5. Kupri Acetate (Barfoed reagent for the reducing monosaccharides)Cu (CH3COO) 2 33 gr5 ml of distilled waterInto a 600 ml beaker, mix salt and acetic acid kupri; stir briefly; then pour a little distilled water while stirring so the mixture A dissolves. Laruan dilute the solution until the volume to 500 ml.
6. Millon (reagent for albumin and phenol)Mercury 10 gr20 ml of concentrated HNO3Distilled waterDissolve mercury into concentrated HNO3. (Use the hood and do the acid room). Once mercury is dissolved, add distilled water as much as 2x the volume of the solution obtained by the fancy; let stand for 12 hours, and filtered.7. Molischa. α-naphthol 5% alcoholicα-naphthol 0.5 gramsEthanol 95% 20 mlDissolve A into B, then pour into the bottle drops.b. α-naphthol 15% (called reagents molisch; for wool)15 g α-naphtholalcohol or chloroform 100 mlOnce mixed and shaken; let stand for a while, and then strain.c. β-naphthol40 g β-naphtholalcohol 360 mlOnce mixed, then shaken, let stand a while, then strain.8. Mayer (reagent for alkaloids with almost all white precipitate formed in a slightly acidic)Solution A1.358 g HgCl260 ml distilled waterSolution BKI 5 gr10 ml distilled waterPour solution A into solution B, dilute with distilled water until the solution volume to 100 ml.9. Seliwanoff0.15 g resorcinol34 ml concentrated HCl68 ml distilled water(Or HCl: distilled water = 1: 2)Dissolve A in B.10. 0.5 M Aluminium Sulphate (500 ml)
Dissolve 166.6 g of Al 2 (SO4) 3 18H2O (MW = 666.5 g / mol) in deionized water sufficient to make 500 ml solution.11. 0.5 M Copper (II) sulfate (500 ml)Dissolve 62.42 g of CuSO4 • 5H2O (MW = 249.7 g / mol) in deionized water sufficient to make 500 ml solution.12. 6.0 M hydrochloric acid (500 ml)Attention: protector, gloves goggles, and lab coat or apron. Working in a fume hood, concentrated hydrochloric acid fumes are caustic and will burn your nose hair. The water is hot enough when concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to waterAdd 258 ml of concentrated HCl (11.6 M and 36%) for which sufficient deionized water to make 450 ml solution. When the solution cools to room temperature, add distilled water until the volume of 500 ml.13. 0.5 M iron (II) sulfate (500 ml)Dissolve 69.5 g of FeSO4 • 7H2O (MW = 278.0 g / mol) dissolved in distilled water until the volume of 500 ml.14. 2 M Methanol Hydrochloric AcidDissolve 17 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid in 83 ml of methanol.15. 0.5 M Sodium Hydroxide (1 L): Dissolve 20.00 g NaOH (MW = 40.00 g / mol) in enough deionized water to make 1 L solution.(Caution: Wear protective gloves, goggles, and lab coats. Working in the dense fume. Avoid inhaling dust or fumes.)16. 2% aqueous Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
Dissolve 1 g of potassium permanganate in 50 ml of deionized water.17. Potassium Hydroxide 10% methanolDissolve 10 g potassium hydroxide pellets with a total volume of 100 ml of methanol.18. 0.5% ninhydrin solution (50 ml)Dissolve 0.25 g of ninhydrin in 50 ml of 95% ethanol. Place the solution in dropper bottles for filling.19. 2% pyridinium Bromide Perbromide, PBP, in absolute ethanol (50 ml)Dissolve 1 g perbromide pyridinium bromide in 50 ml of absolute ethanol reagent is unstable, so had to put up a new one every day.20. Barfoed's reagent (300 ml)20.0 g Cu (C2H 3O2) 2 • H2O copper (II) acetate monohydrate (MW = 199.65 g / mol) in 300 ml aquades. Dissolve Copper (II) acetate slowly, strain. If necessary, and add 2.7 ml of glacial acetic acid.
Definition of Reagents
Definition of Reagents
Chemical reagents, reactants, or reagents (English: reactant or reagent) is a material that causes or is consumed in a chemical reaction.
For example, hydrochloric acid is a reagent that reacts with zinc metal to produce hydrogen, or react with calcium carbonate produces carbon dioxide.
The term reagent is also used to refer to chemical substances with a purity sufficient for an analysis or experiment. For example, a reagent water should not contain many impurities such as sodium ions, chloride, or bacteria, and also has high electrical resistance
Chemical reagents, reactants, or reagents (English: reactant or reagent) is a material that causes or is consumed in a chemical reaction.
For example, hydrochloric acid is a reagent that reacts with zinc metal to produce hydrogen, or react with calcium carbonate produces carbon dioxide.
The term reagent is also used to refer to chemical substances with a purity sufficient for an analysis or experiment. For example, a reagent water should not contain many impurities such as sodium ions, chloride, or bacteria, and also has high electrical resistance
Saturday, August 6, 2011
RESPONSE TO THE ARTICLE 'E-LEARNING MODEL INNOVATION IN IMPROVING QUALITY OF EDUCATION'
RESPONSE TO THE ARTICLE 'E-LEARNING MODEL INNOVATION IN IMPROVING QUALITY OF EDUCATION'
E-learning is a form of learning that utilizes electronic technology (radio, television, movies, computers, internet, etc.). In my opinion, e-learning learning model is an innovative model of learning that can be used to improve the quality of education. This learning model can be used as a complement to the learning and the learning support students in gaining a variety of information. E-learning is a form of learning that utilizes electronic technology. With the learning e-learning so students can gain from electronic technologies such as: radio, television, movies, computers, internet, etc.. One e-learning electronic media that have extensive knowledge of windows is the internet. From the internet, students can access various kinds of information that can add their insights. There are several important matters that need to be understood by educators in connection with the use of Internet in teaching and learning process, among others: 1. Internet will only act as a resource and a tool in the P & P. Aktiviti learning should carefully designed by the Internet so that teachers can use to impress. 2. Computers and the Internet does not change the role of teacher. Jusru the contrary, the teacher will sentiasa seek to enhance their knowledge and skills, particularly in the IT field. 3. The use of computers and the Internet can reduce workload of teachers and students in addition to any work can be done with the pack, regular and systematic. 4. Internet is very useful to teachers and students and the community, especially in the face cabaran IT and globalization.
For students, the Internet can encourage students to become more active learning (active Learners), possible presence of variations that can be done in the process of learning and teaching, obtaining multiple skills and accomplishments efficiency. Use of the Internet in teaching and learning has its advantages and disadvantages. Some of the excess use of the Internet in teaching and learning, among others: 1. The surplus is that learners can feel happy and not bored with the material being taught because it uses tools such as video, audio and also be able to use tools like computers for schools that already have computer equipment. 2. Availability of e-moderating facilities where teachers and students can communicate easily via the internet on a regular basis or whenever the communication was done without being limited by distance, place and time. 3. Teachers and students can use the materials or instructions to learn in a structured and scheduled through the Internet, so that both can mutually assess the extent to which instructional materials studied. 4. Students can learn or review the materials at any time and anywhere if required given instructional materials stored on the computer. 5. If students need additional information relating to the material he had learned, he can access the internet. 6. Both teachers and students can have discussions through the Internet that can be followed by the number of participants, thereby increasing knowledge and greater insight. 7. The changing role of students than usual passive to active. 8. Relatively more efficient. For example for those who live far from a conventional college or school, for those who are busy working, for those who served in the ship, abroad, and so on.
Although demikan use of the Internet for learning or e-learning can not be separated from many shortcomings, among others: 1. Many teachers are not prepared using the method of e-learning and still teach using the lecture method and not yet skilled at using facilities such as video and computers. 2. Lack of interaction between teacher and student-student or even between themselves. Lack of this interaction could slow the formation of values in the process of learning and teaching. 3. The tendency to ignore aspects of academic or social aspects and vice versa to encourage the growth aspects of the business / commercial. 4. The changing role of teachers from the original master of conventional learning techniques, are now also required to know the techniques of learning using ICT. 5. Students who do not have a high learning motivation are likely to fail. 6. Not all of the available internet facilities (perhaps this is related to the question of access to electricity, telephone, or computer) 7. The lack of those who know and have the skills of internet problems, and 8. Lack of mastery of computer languages.
E-learning is a form of learning that utilizes electronic technology (radio, television, movies, computers, internet, etc.). In my opinion, e-learning learning model is an innovative model of learning that can be used to improve the quality of education. This learning model can be used as a complement to the learning and the learning support students in gaining a variety of information. E-learning is a form of learning that utilizes electronic technology. With the learning e-learning so students can gain from electronic technologies such as: radio, television, movies, computers, internet, etc.. One e-learning electronic media that have extensive knowledge of windows is the internet. From the internet, students can access various kinds of information that can add their insights. There are several important matters that need to be understood by educators in connection with the use of Internet in teaching and learning process, among others: 1. Internet will only act as a resource and a tool in the P & P. Aktiviti learning should carefully designed by the Internet so that teachers can use to impress. 2. Computers and the Internet does not change the role of teacher. Jusru the contrary, the teacher will sentiasa seek to enhance their knowledge and skills, particularly in the IT field. 3. The use of computers and the Internet can reduce workload of teachers and students in addition to any work can be done with the pack, regular and systematic. 4. Internet is very useful to teachers and students and the community, especially in the face cabaran IT and globalization.
For students, the Internet can encourage students to become more active learning (active Learners), possible presence of variations that can be done in the process of learning and teaching, obtaining multiple skills and accomplishments efficiency. Use of the Internet in teaching and learning has its advantages and disadvantages. Some of the excess use of the Internet in teaching and learning, among others: 1. The surplus is that learners can feel happy and not bored with the material being taught because it uses tools such as video, audio and also be able to use tools like computers for schools that already have computer equipment. 2. Availability of e-moderating facilities where teachers and students can communicate easily via the internet on a regular basis or whenever the communication was done without being limited by distance, place and time. 3. Teachers and students can use the materials or instructions to learn in a structured and scheduled through the Internet, so that both can mutually assess the extent to which instructional materials studied. 4. Students can learn or review the materials at any time and anywhere if required given instructional materials stored on the computer. 5. If students need additional information relating to the material he had learned, he can access the internet. 6. Both teachers and students can have discussions through the Internet that can be followed by the number of participants, thereby increasing knowledge and greater insight. 7. The changing role of students than usual passive to active. 8. Relatively more efficient. For example for those who live far from a conventional college or school, for those who are busy working, for those who served in the ship, abroad, and so on.
Although demikan use of the Internet for learning or e-learning can not be separated from many shortcomings, among others: 1. Many teachers are not prepared using the method of e-learning and still teach using the lecture method and not yet skilled at using facilities such as video and computers. 2. Lack of interaction between teacher and student-student or even between themselves. Lack of this interaction could slow the formation of values in the process of learning and teaching. 3. The tendency to ignore aspects of academic or social aspects and vice versa to encourage the growth aspects of the business / commercial. 4. The changing role of teachers from the original master of conventional learning techniques, are now also required to know the techniques of learning using ICT. 5. Students who do not have a high learning motivation are likely to fail. 6. Not all of the available internet facilities (perhaps this is related to the question of access to electricity, telephone, or computer) 7. The lack of those who know and have the skills of internet problems, and 8. Lack of mastery of computer languages.
DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF E-LEARNING
DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF E-LEARNING
Development of e-learning models need to be carefully designed according to the desired destination. If we agree that e-learning in it also includes Internet-based learning, then the opinion Haughey (1998) should be considered in the development of e-learning. He said there are three possibilities in the development of internet-based learning system, namely: the web courses, web-centric courses, and web-enhanced course.Web courses is the use of the Internet for educational purposes, in which learners and teachers are fully separated and no need for face to face. The entire teaching materials, discussion, consultation, assignments, exercises, exams, and other learning activities are fully delivered over the internet. In other words, this model uses the system remotely.Web-centric course is the use of the Internet that combines distance learning and face to face (conventional). Some disampikan material via the internet, and partly through face to face. Its function is complementary. In this model teachers can provide clues to the students to learn the course material via the web that has been made. Students are also given direction to look for other sources of relevant websites. In face to face, learners and teachers more discussion about the findings of the material that has been learned through the internet.Web-enhanced course is a model of internet utilization to support the improvement of the quality of learning done in class. Internet functions is to provide enrichment and communication between learners with teachers, fellow students, members of the group, or students with other resource persons.Therefore, the role of teachers in this case are required to master the technique of searching for information on the internet, guiding students seek and find sites that are relevant to instructional materials, presenting the material through the web an attractive and desirable, serving the guidance and communication via the internet, and skills Another necessary. Development of e-learning is not merely presenting meteri lessons on-line only, but must be communicative and interesting. The material is designed as a lesson learned before teaching students through computer screens that are connected through the Internet. To be able to produce e-learning an attractive and desirable, Onno W. Purbo (2002) requires three things that must be met in designing e-learning, which is "simple, personal, and quick". Simple system that will facilitate students in making use of existing technology and the menu, with the ease at which the panel is provided, will reduce the introduction of e-learning system itself, so that learning time can be streamlined to participants learning process itself and not on learning to use e -learning it. Terms personalized means teachers can interact with either like a teacher who communicates with students in the class. With the approach and a more personal interaction, learners noted its progress, and assisted all the problems it faces. This will make students feel at home for a long time in front of his computer screen. Then the service is supported by the speed, quick response to complaints and needs of other learners. Thus the improvement of learning can be done as quickly as possible by a teacher or administrator. To enhance the attractiveness of learning, Onno W. Purbo add the necessity of using the theory of games. This theory was put forward after extensive observation of the behavior of a fan of computer games that is growing very rapidly. Playing computer games is very exciting. The players will be swept away with the character he played through the computer. Even able to sit for hours and play the game happily. This phenomenon is very interesting in designing e-learning. By making e-learning system immerses learners who are able to follow every step of learning in it like when playing a games. The application of game theory in designing e-learning materials need to be considered because it is basically every man loves the game.In summary, e-learning should be created as if the students learn in the conventional, it's just moved into the digital system over the internet. Therefore e-leraning need to adapt the elements of common practice in conventional learning system. For example starting from the formulation of operational objectives and measurable, there is apperception or pre test, motivational, communicative use of language, a clear description of the material, concrete examples, problem solving, questioning, discussion, post test, to assignments and activities follow-up. Therefore, designing an e-laarning need to involve stakeholders, including: teachers, materials specialists, communications specialists, programmers, artists, etc..
Development of e-learning models need to be carefully designed according to the desired destination. If we agree that e-learning in it also includes Internet-based learning, then the opinion Haughey (1998) should be considered in the development of e-learning. He said there are three possibilities in the development of internet-based learning system, namely: the web courses, web-centric courses, and web-enhanced course.Web courses is the use of the Internet for educational purposes, in which learners and teachers are fully separated and no need for face to face. The entire teaching materials, discussion, consultation, assignments, exercises, exams, and other learning activities are fully delivered over the internet. In other words, this model uses the system remotely.Web-centric course is the use of the Internet that combines distance learning and face to face (conventional). Some disampikan material via the internet, and partly through face to face. Its function is complementary. In this model teachers can provide clues to the students to learn the course material via the web that has been made. Students are also given direction to look for other sources of relevant websites. In face to face, learners and teachers more discussion about the findings of the material that has been learned through the internet.Web-enhanced course is a model of internet utilization to support the improvement of the quality of learning done in class. Internet functions is to provide enrichment and communication between learners with teachers, fellow students, members of the group, or students with other resource persons.Therefore, the role of teachers in this case are required to master the technique of searching for information on the internet, guiding students seek and find sites that are relevant to instructional materials, presenting the material through the web an attractive and desirable, serving the guidance and communication via the internet, and skills Another necessary. Development of e-learning is not merely presenting meteri lessons on-line only, but must be communicative and interesting. The material is designed as a lesson learned before teaching students through computer screens that are connected through the Internet. To be able to produce e-learning an attractive and desirable, Onno W. Purbo (2002) requires three things that must be met in designing e-learning, which is "simple, personal, and quick". Simple system that will facilitate students in making use of existing technology and the menu, with the ease at which the panel is provided, will reduce the introduction of e-learning system itself, so that learning time can be streamlined to participants learning process itself and not on learning to use e -learning it. Terms personalized means teachers can interact with either like a teacher who communicates with students in the class. With the approach and a more personal interaction, learners noted its progress, and assisted all the problems it faces. This will make students feel at home for a long time in front of his computer screen. Then the service is supported by the speed, quick response to complaints and needs of other learners. Thus the improvement of learning can be done as quickly as possible by a teacher or administrator. To enhance the attractiveness of learning, Onno W. Purbo add the necessity of using the theory of games. This theory was put forward after extensive observation of the behavior of a fan of computer games that is growing very rapidly. Playing computer games is very exciting. The players will be swept away with the character he played through the computer. Even able to sit for hours and play the game happily. This phenomenon is very interesting in designing e-learning. By making e-learning system immerses learners who are able to follow every step of learning in it like when playing a games. The application of game theory in designing e-learning materials need to be considered because it is basically every man loves the game.In summary, e-learning should be created as if the students learn in the conventional, it's just moved into the digital system over the internet. Therefore e-leraning need to adapt the elements of common practice in conventional learning system. For example starting from the formulation of operational objectives and measurable, there is apperception or pre test, motivational, communicative use of language, a clear description of the material, concrete examples, problem solving, questioning, discussion, post test, to assignments and activities follow-up. Therefore, designing an e-laarning need to involve stakeholders, including: teachers, materials specialists, communications specialists, programmers, artists, etc..
CONSIDERATION OF E-LEARNING
CONSIDERATION OF E-LEARNINGConsideration of the conventional education system decided to e-learning system is certainly not based on the trend, bandwagon of internet technology, but need to be mature ikaji. Therefore, the drafters and policy makers need to make observations and feasibility studies. Some questions that could be considered include:1. Budget costs. Through e-learning, the cost of building the school, books - books, teachers, learners and operating costs could be reduced. Therefore, distance education or conventional mass system will be more efficient with e-learning.2. What material are the priorities included in the e-learning model according to the characteristics and needs, or all of the subject matter needs to be included.3. The transfer of konvensinal to e-learning can be done alone or whether the necessary cooperation with other agencies. Institutions such as universities (which have relevant HR) and industry (especially the software industry) is used as a potential cooperation partners.4. Whether these changes can be accepted (adopted) by the target well. As a result of innovation, the diffusion process is indispensable. Results of research conducted by the Oos M. Anwas (2003) showed that the adoption of e-learning innovation at the stage of formation of attitudes among academics still vary. Many factors determine, among other internet information exposure, proximity to communication and information technology, and the degree of need for the internet. However, the interesting part of this research is kondusivitas organizational factors can influence it. In organizations that are conducive, academics tend to do better in adopting e-learning compared with organizations that are less conducive. Relatively homogeneous organizational factors such as higher education is more important than the question the demographic factors such as gender, age, education level, economic class, and personality factors (personality type). Whereas in previous studies of innovation adoption, demographic factors and personality are often used as explanatory and affect the individual in adopting an innovation.5. How to implement these changes so that it can be achieved effectively and efficiently, and how the continuation of operations, including evaluation and tindaklanjutnya.
THE MEANING OF E-LEARNINING
THE MEANING OF E-LEARNINING Many experts define e-learning according to his point of view. Because e-learning is an extension of electronic learning that interprets existing e-learning as a form of learning that utilizes electronic technology (radio, television, movies, computers, internet, etc.). Jaya Kumar C. Newspapers (2002), defines e-learning as any teaching and learning that uses electronic circuits (LAN, WAN or Internet) to deliver learning content, interaction, or guidance. Others have interpreted the e-learning as a form of distance education is conducted via the Internet. Dong (in Kamarga, 2002) defines e-learning as an asynchronous learning activities through an electronic device to obtain computer learning materials that meet their individual needs. Rosenberg (2001) emphasizes that e-learning refers to the use of Internet technology to deliver a series of solutions that can enhance the knowledge and skills. This is similar to Cambell (2002), Kamarga (2002) which emphasizes the use of Internet in education as the essence of e-learning. Even Onno W. Purbo (2002) explains that the term "e" or an abbreviation of electronic e-learning is used as a term for any technology used to support the efforts of teaching via the Internet electronic technology. In more detail Rosenberg (2001) categorize three basic criteria that exist in e-learning, namely: 1. e-learning is a network, which makes it able to fix quickly, store or retrieve, distribute, and learning and information sharing. This requirement is essential in e-learning, so that Rosenberg called it an absolute requirement. 2. e-learning is delivered to users through a computer using standard internet technology. CD ROM, Web TV, Web Cell Phones, pagers, and other personal digital aids can even set up a message but can not dikolongkan learning as e-learning. 3. e-learning focused on the broadest view of learning, learning solutions menggungguli traditional paradigm in training.
The above description shows that as the basis of e-learning is the use of Internet technology. Thus, e-learning is a form of learning as outlined in the conventional digital format through Internet technology. Therefore e-learning can be used in a system of distance education and conventional education system as well. In conventional education e-learning function is not to replace, but rather reinforce conventional learning models. In this case, Cisco (2001) describes the philosophical e-learning as follows: 1. e-learning is the passing over of information, communication, education, pelatihansecaraon-line. 2. e-learning provides a set of tools that can enrich the value of learning in the conventional (conventional learning models, a review of textbooks, CD-ROMs, and computer-based training) so as to answer the developmental challenges of globalization. 3. e-learning is not meant to substitute for the conventional model of learning in the classroom, but strengthen the model of learning through enrichment of educational content and technology development. 4. The capacity of students vary greatly depending on the content and manner of its delivery. The better the alignment between the transmitter and tools Conten with learning styles, the better the capacity of students who in turn will give better results.
The above description shows that as the basis of e-learning is the use of Internet technology. Thus, e-learning is a form of learning as outlined in the conventional digital format through Internet technology. Therefore e-learning can be used in a system of distance education and conventional education system as well. In conventional education e-learning function is not to replace, but rather reinforce conventional learning models. In this case, Cisco (2001) describes the philosophical e-learning as follows: 1. e-learning is the passing over of information, communication, education, pelatihansecaraon-line. 2. e-learning provides a set of tools that can enrich the value of learning in the conventional (conventional learning models, a review of textbooks, CD-ROMs, and computer-based training) so as to answer the developmental challenges of globalization. 3. e-learning is not meant to substitute for the conventional model of learning in the classroom, but strengthen the model of learning through enrichment of educational content and technology development. 4. The capacity of students vary greatly depending on the content and manner of its delivery. The better the alignment between the transmitter and tools Conten with learning styles, the better the capacity of students who in turn will give better results.
Education as Social Control
Education as social control School is one institution or institutions of formal education in instilling values and loyalty to the traditional order of society should also serve as a school service organization to perform social control mechanisms. Durheim explains that moral education can be used to restrain or reduce the properties of selfishness in children who are an integral part of society in which the child must have the awareness and social responsibility. Through this kind of education an individual adopts the values and social interaction these values in their everyday lives. Furthermore, as individuals and as members of the community he is also required to provide support and strive to maintain the prevailing social order. School as an institution that serves to maintain and develop social structures and social control to use the programs of assimilation and the values of diverse subgroups into which the dominant values and a pattern that has a fad for some people. School serves to unify the values and worldviews of diverse ethnic into one acceptable view entire ethnic. Therefore it can be said that the school serves as a means of unifying and all stream and view of life embraced by the students. For example, schools in Indonesia, the school must inculcate the values of Pancasila embraced by the nation and the Indonesian state to children in school. In conjunction with its function as social control, through his doctrine of moral education which explained that through moral education, the properties of egoism children gradually reduced to reach individuals who are part of the community in which he must have the awareness and social responsibility as well as teach how efforts to regulate the social life. Through such education individuals adopt social values and interaction of these values in their everyday lives. Furthermore, as members of the community he is also required for the commitment, support and strive to maintain the prevailing social order. Schools as institutions that sustain and maintain the values which the younger generation should follow. Schools in the daily task to constantly monitor the development of personality and behavior of his students to avoid the tendency toward destructive actions and behaviors, or actions that lead to crime. In a country where society is characterized by pluralistic, in it there is diverse streams, views of life and cultural backgrounds. In such a pluralistic situation of certain ethnic groups often try to dominate other ethnic groups with influence or even embed the effect in the extreme to impose its will. Suppressed ethnic groups may feel unfairly treated, so if it does not receive serious attention, so the bias will cause conflict and division. In such circumstances, the school serves to unify the values and worldviews that are owned or the aspirations of all citizens in this school serves as an integral tool in which all the flow of beliefs and diverse view of life can come together.
Social Control
social control Social control word comes from the word 'social control'. 'Social control' or systems of social control in everyday conversation is defined as supervision by the public against the running of the government, especially government and their staff members. Truly understanding of social control is much broader. All-encompassing process of social control (planned or not), didactic, or even forcing residents to invite the public to obey the rules and prevailing social values. From these explanations it is understood that social control is an act of a person or group who carried out through a planned process whether or not with the aim to educate, invite (force or not) to comply with certain social norms and values that are considered correct at the time. Also keep in mind also that social control measures can be made between (1) the individual against another individual, (2) the individual against the group, (3) group against group, and (4) groups of individuals. In everyday life, as long as all members of society are willing to obey the rules, almost certainly the life of society will be able to take place smoothly and orderly. However, hopes all members of society can behave always obedient, is certainly a costly thing. In reality, of course not everyone will always be willing and able to comply with the provisions or rules in force, and even not infrequently there are certain people who deliberately break the rules that apply to personal or group interests. Social control involves a social process that is planned or unplanned (spontaneous) to direct a person. Also, social control is basically a system and process that educate, encourage and even force citizens to behave according to social norms.
The Meaning of Education
The Meaning of Education Education has a broad sense, so there is some definition is as follows: a. According to Law no. 20 of 2003 on National Education System, education is a conscious and deliberate effort to create an atmosphere of learning and the learning process so that learners are actively developing the potential for him to have the spiritual strength of religious, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble character, and the skills needed him , community, nation and state. b. According to the Guidelines of State Policy GBHN 1988 imposes limits on the national education is a national education rooted in the cultures of Indonesia and based on Pancasila and the Constitution of 1945 directed to memingkatkan intelligence and can meet the needs of national development and is responsible for the development of the nation. c. According to the KI Hajar Dewantara Education as an effort to advance the character, mind and physical child in order to advance the perfection of life that is lived and brought the boy in harmony with nature and the environment. d. According to Carter V. Good Education is the process of development of one's prowess in the form of attitudes and behaviors that prevail in society. Social process in which a person is affected by something that guided the environment (especially at school) so he can reach and develop social skills kepribadiaannya. e. By: Frederick J. Mc Donald Education is a process or activity that is directed to change the behavior (behavior) of man. The meaning of behavior is any response or one's actions, something a person does.
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